The Great Wall of China at Badaling (八達嶺)

Fort Egeria, Hoihow

Two soldiers behind a barrier of sandbags, Shanghai, August 1937

Moat, city walls, and pailou, Suzhou

Nationalist soldier between a gate and sandbagged guard post, Shanghai, 1937

Sandbagged guard post near Pantheon Theatre, at the corner of Range Road and North Kiangse Road, Shanghai, 1937

Gate and sandbagged guard post, Shanghai, 1937

Sandbagging, Jardine, Matheson & Co., Shanghai, 1937

British soliders building sandbagged guard post, North Honan Road and Range Road, Shanghai, October 1937

Sandbagged and shuttered P & O Banking Corporation, The Bund, Shanghai, 1937

Soldiers at a sandbagged guard post, Garden Bridge, the Bund, Shanghai, 1937

Nationalist soldiers (88th Division) and dugout near Hungjao, Shanghai, 1937

Nationalist soldier at dugout near Hungjao, Shanghai, 1937

Nationalist soldiers (88th Division) digging trenches near Hungjao, Shanghai, 1937

Chinese soldiers with Hanyang 88 shotguns at a guard post near Hungjao, Shanghai, 1937

Nationalist soldiers on top of a dugout near Hungjao, Shanghai, 1937

Corner tower, city wall and moat, Forbidden City, Peking

Zhengyangmen (正阳门) / Qianmen (前门), Beijing

Pillboxes (military blockhouses) on a hill by a colliery bridge over railway tracks

Tulou (fortified communal dwelling) and fields, Le Khi